- optimistic
- amplitude
- intensity
- Louisiana
- permeated
- transition
- inequality
- denominator
- numerator
- oscilloscope
- bonus: status
Casto Handout measurement as equal fractions
Wagner: P. 147-148
Reading
Wagner Reading: Finish 5 questions
Casto Reading: Read the following from class today. Summarize each short biography into one paragraph. You will have three paragraphs when you finish, one for each person. Remember that a good paragraph has a topic sentence, three to six good details that support the topic, and a conclusion.
(Achieve3000, February 20, 2006). For
centuries, laws and customs in most parts of the world reflected a
belief that women were less capable than men. In the U.S., women were
not allowed to vote or own property, and they did not have the same
opportunities and choices as men. However, some women refused to accept
these boundaries. In honor of Women's History Month, here are the
stories of three women who broke the rules.
Nellie Bly: Courageous Reporter
Investigative reporters dedicate their careers to exposing unfair or
unlawful activity, often at great personal risk. In her work as an early
investigative reporter, Nellie Bly helped change laws, as well as
expectations about what women could do.
Nellie Bly was born Elizabeth Cochran in Pennsylvania in 1864. When Cochran was 18 years old, she read an editorial in The Pittsburgh Dispatch
that criticized women who tried to work in "men's jobs." Incensed,
Cochran wrote a letter to the newspaper, defending her belief that women
deserved the same rights and opportunities as men. The letter intrigued
the paper's editor, and soon, Cochran was working for The Dispatch,
using the pen name Nellie Bly.
Bly wrote articles that focused on the rights of women and the downtrodden, and she gathered her material by working undercover. Eager to expose the cruel conditions of sweatshops, Bly posed as a sweatshop worker, gathering information that she later relayed in an article. While working for the prestigious New York World newspaper, Bly committed herself to an institution for mentally ill women so that she could investigate rumors about the institution's mistreatment of patients. Bly's stories about abuses at the institution made her famous. They also led to laws that helped protect the rights of the mentally ill. Bly's work on this and other assignments helped make investigative reporting a common practice in journalism.
In 1895, Bly retired from journalism and married industrialist Robert Seaman. When Seaman died 10 years later, Bly took over his company, instituting many of the same reforms to improve working conditions that she had supported as a reporter. The company, though, fell into financial ruin, and Bly returned to reporting. She was in Austria in 1914, when World War I broke out. Bly eagerly went to the frontlines, working as a war correspondent for The New York Evening Journal. Her career as a journalist continued until her death in 1922.
Bessie Coleman: Revolutionary Aviator
When Bessie Coleman decided that she wanted to be a pilot, she had two
strikes against her. Most pilots of the day were white males, but
Coleman was a woman, and she was African American. However, the barriers
that Coleman faced were no match for her determination.
Bessie Coleman was born into a poor family in Texas in 1892. Although
she had to drop out of school periodically to help her family pick
crops, Coleman was an excellent student. When she was 18, Coleman used
her savings to enroll in college, but she did not have enough money, and
she had to leave school. In 1915, still hoping to make something of
herself and finding little opportunity in the South, Coleman moved to
Chicago. There, she worked as a manicurist.
In 1918, when the U.S. entered World War I, Coleman heard tales of the war pilots and their daring adventures. She longed to become a pilot and began asking flight schools to admit her. However, every flight school refused to admit Coleman because she was black and a woman. In 1920, with financial backing from two African-American businessmen, Coleman moved to France, where flight schools were more tolerant. Seven months later, she became the first African-American woman to earn a pilot's license. Upon her return to the U.S., her achievement attracted the attention of the press, and she earned fame for her skill and determination.
Coleman had indeed made something of herself. She became a stunt pilot, performing in air shows around the country and becoming the subject of many articles. Coleman also used her fame to encourage other African Americans to become pilots. She hoped to establish her own flight school, which would open opportunities to those who could not learn to fly elsewhere.
However, Bessie Coleman's life ended before she could accomplish all of her goals. In 1926, Coleman encountered mechanical problems while flying in preparation for an air show. Her plane crashed, and Coleman died instantly. About 10,000 mourners, including many prominent African Americans, attended her funeral.
Babe Didrikson: Sports Legend
At one time, some experts believed that athletic activity would cause
women too much stress. Babe Didrikson did not let this notion faze her.
She excelled at most sports, and she wasn't afraid to show her talent.
Mildred Didrikson was born in Texas in 1911. As a child, she loved to
take part in just about any sport, including swimming and bowling, but
her favorites were basketball and baseball. In fact, Didrikson's
homeruns inspired her friends to begin calling her "Babe," after the
legendary slugger Babe Ruth.
Because of Didrikson's athletic ability, sports became a serious pursuit. In high school, Didrikson earned awards for basketball and track and field, setting three new national track records along the way. Her performance earned her a place on the U.S. women's track team at the 1932 Olympics, where she won two gold medals.
In the mid-1930s, Didrikson took up golf. Didrikson's approach to golf was an illustration of how she combined hard work and natural talent. Babe spent 8 to 10 hours a day hitting golf balls, relentlessly perfecting her game. From 1936 to 1954, Didrikson was one of the best golfers in the world, winning the U.S. Women's Open three times. She also helped found the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), which allowed women to carve out careers as professional golfers.
Didrikson won many awards for her athletic achievements, including the Associated Press Woman Athlete of the Year Award. In fact, she received that award six times, first for her track and field achievements, and then for her golfing skills. No other woman ever received this award so many times.
When cancer cut Didrikson's life short in 1956, her status as one of the nation's greatest athletes—male or female—had already been established.
Nellie Bly: Courageous Reporter
 |
| Library of Congress Photo |
Bly wrote articles that focused on the rights of women and the downtrodden, and she gathered her material by working undercover. Eager to expose the cruel conditions of sweatshops, Bly posed as a sweatshop worker, gathering information that she later relayed in an article. While working for the prestigious New York World newspaper, Bly committed herself to an institution for mentally ill women so that she could investigate rumors about the institution's mistreatment of patients. Bly's stories about abuses at the institution made her famous. They also led to laws that helped protect the rights of the mentally ill. Bly's work on this and other assignments helped make investigative reporting a common practice in journalism.
In 1895, Bly retired from journalism and married industrialist Robert Seaman. When Seaman died 10 years later, Bly took over his company, instituting many of the same reforms to improve working conditions that she had supported as a reporter. The company, though, fell into financial ruin, and Bly returned to reporting. She was in Austria in 1914, when World War I broke out. Bly eagerly went to the frontlines, working as a war correspondent for The New York Evening Journal. Her career as a journalist continued until her death in 1922.
Bessie Coleman: Revolutionary Aviator
 |
| NASA |
In 1918, when the U.S. entered World War I, Coleman heard tales of the war pilots and their daring adventures. She longed to become a pilot and began asking flight schools to admit her. However, every flight school refused to admit Coleman because she was black and a woman. In 1920, with financial backing from two African-American businessmen, Coleman moved to France, where flight schools were more tolerant. Seven months later, she became the first African-American woman to earn a pilot's license. Upon her return to the U.S., her achievement attracted the attention of the press, and she earned fame for her skill and determination.
Coleman had indeed made something of herself. She became a stunt pilot, performing in air shows around the country and becoming the subject of many articles. Coleman also used her fame to encourage other African Americans to become pilots. She hoped to establish her own flight school, which would open opportunities to those who could not learn to fly elsewhere.
However, Bessie Coleman's life ended before she could accomplish all of her goals. In 1926, Coleman encountered mechanical problems while flying in preparation for an air show. Her plane crashed, and Coleman died instantly. About 10,000 mourners, including many prominent African Americans, attended her funeral.
Babe Didrikson: Sports Legend
 |
| AP Photo |
Because of Didrikson's athletic ability, sports became a serious pursuit. In high school, Didrikson earned awards for basketball and track and field, setting three new national track records along the way. Her performance earned her a place on the U.S. women's track team at the 1932 Olympics, where she won two gold medals.
In the mid-1930s, Didrikson took up golf. Didrikson's approach to golf was an illustration of how she combined hard work and natural talent. Babe spent 8 to 10 hours a day hitting golf balls, relentlessly perfecting her game. From 1936 to 1954, Didrikson was one of the best golfers in the world, winning the U.S. Women's Open three times. She also helped found the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), which allowed women to carve out careers as professional golfers.
Didrikson won many awards for her athletic achievements, including the Associated Press Woman Athlete of the Year Award. In fact, she received that award six times, first for her track and field achievements, and then for her golfing skills. No other woman ever received this award so many times.
When cancer cut Didrikson's life short in 1956, her status as one of the nation's greatest athletes—male or female—had already been established.
Dictionary:
|
downtrodden
(noun)
|
| people who are forcibly limited in opportunity by law or situation |
|
prestigious
(adjective)
|
| respected or celebrated |
|
status
(noun)
|
| rank or position |
|
sweatshop
(noun)
|
| a workplace with overworked, underpaid employees |
|
tolerant
(adjective)
|
| accepting or open-minded |
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